Earth observation data based rapid flood-extent modelling for tsunami-devastated coastal areas     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2016

Earth observation (EO)-based mapping and analysis of natural hazards plays a critical role in various aspects of post-disaster aid management. Spatial very high-resolution Earth observation data provide important information for managing post-tsunami activities on devastated land and monitoring re-cultivation and reconstruction. The automatic and fast use of high-resolution EO data for rapid mapping is, however, complicated by high spectral variability in densely populated urban areas and unpredictable textural and spectral land-surface changes. The present paper presents the results of the SENDAI project, which developed an automatic post-tsunami flood-extent modelling concept using RapidEye multispectral satellite data and ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2 (GDEM V2) data of the eastern coast of Japan (captured after the Tohoku earthquake). In this paper, the authors developed both a bathtub-modelling approach and a cost-distance approach, and integrated the roughness parameters of different land-use types to increase the accuracy of flood-extent modelling. Overall, the accuracy of the developed models reached 87–92%, depending on the analysed test site. The flood-modelling approach was explained and results were compared with published approaches. We came to the conclusion that the cost-factor-based approach reaches accuracy comparable to published results from hydrological modelling. However the proposed cost-factor approach is based on a much simpler dataset, which is available globally.  相似文献   

Efficient detection of pathogen virus in sand dabs, Paralichthys olivaceus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)     

HWANG Jinik  PARK So Yun  SUH Sung-Suk  PARK Mirye  LEE Sukchan  LEE Taek-Kyun 《海洋学报(英文版)》2016,35(8):44-50

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and marine birnavirus (MABV) are the causative pathogens for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging viral diseases in many Asian countries, leading to huge economic losses in aquaculture. Rapid molecular detection for surveillance or diagnosis has been a critical component in reducing the prevalence of pathogen infection. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of DNA is currently one of the most commonly used molecular diagnostic tools, as it is simple, quick, and easy to amplify target DNA under isothermal conditions. In the present study, a novel and highly specific LAMP assay for the sensitive and rapid detection of VHSV and MABV infection in fish was developed. Using a set of synthesized primers matching a specific region of the genome, the efficiency and specificity of the LAMP assay were optimized in terms of the reaction temperature and DNA polymerase concentration, as they are the main determinants of the sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP assay. In particular, we demonstrated that our assay could be applied to efficient detection of VHSV and MABV infection in the wild fish, Paralichthys olivaceus. Our results demonstrate the simplicity and convenience of this method for the detection of viral infection in aquatic organisms.  相似文献   

Waveform inversion and focal mechanisms of two weak earthquakes in Cordillera Principal (Argentina) between 35° and 35.5° S     

《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2016

Only few (six) focal mechanism, in CMT Catalog, have been so far known for intraplate shallow events in the Andean chain close to Chile–Argentina state border at latitudes ∼35° S. We add two more mechanisms, depths and moment magnitudes by carefully analyzing full waveforms of weak events recorded by broad-band stations of the Chile Argentina Geophysical Experiment (southern profile). The moment magnitudes of both events (Mw = 3.6 and 3.7) are lower than the duration magnitudes (Md = 4.0 and 4.29) reported by NEIC. The source depth, constrained by waveforms for one of the studied events (5.5–8.5 km) seems to be considerably shallower than the hypocenter depth located by means of arrival times (∼20 km). The waveform analysis was complemented by first-motion polarities which resulted in an uncertainty assessment of the focal mechanism. Event 1 (2001-11-03) has a strike-slip mechanism with a small normal component and almost vertical nodal planes in the north-south and east-west directions. The north-south nodal plane could be related to the Calabozos faults system. Event 2 (2002-02-16) has a strike-slip mechanism with a small thrust component. The latter event (its subhorizontal nodal plane) could be associated with the El Diablo-El Fierro fault system. Dextral strike-slip solutions are consistent with recent studies in the area.  相似文献   

Insurance as catastrophe: A geography of house and contents insurance in bushfire-prone places     

《Geoforum》2016

Insurance is increasingly identified as the disaster management technique of choice; a benign tool that can be utilised to reduce the impacts of disaster and aid recovery. For householders in disaster-prone places, individual rational agency is assumed to inform decision-making surrounding house and contents insurance purchase. In this paper, we present findings from interviews with householders in places with high bushfire risk that significantly unsettle such accounts. Drawing upon four identified themes – trade-offs, networks, virtue and promise – we observe that for these householders, the uncertainty and anxiety created through a lack of transparency on behalf of insurers, the construction of insurance as an individual endeavour, and the rendering of household materiality as object, renders insurance catastrophic. Attempts at calculation for insurance coverage are momentary rather than monetary; as constituting an entanglement of insurantial moments constructed within conflicting emotions, morality and the familial, rather than fiscal accountancy. For our participants this provides a stronger logic for choosing not to have insurance than for having insurance. We conclude with signposts for further research, including advancing the theorisation of insurance in the context of the everyday.  相似文献   

2001—2020年中国洪涝灾害损失与致灾危险性研究     

李莹  赵珊珊 《气候变化研究进展》2022,18(2):154-165

利用最新的全国洪涝灾害损失资料以及气象站点降水观测资料,研究了2001—2020年中国洪涝灾害损失的演变特征及其与降水的关系。结果表明：2001—2020年,我国洪涝灾害造成的年均受灾人口超过1亿人次,直接经济损失1678.6亿元。尽管洪涝灾害造成的全国直接经济损失有增加趋势,但全国农作物受灾面积、受灾人口、死亡人口、损坏房屋以及直接经济损失占国内生产总值的比例均呈减少趋势。从空间分布来看,长江流域上中游地区及黑龙江、河北、甘肃、广西等地是洪涝灾害损失较为严重的地区。全国大部分地区死亡人口和损坏房屋呈减少趋势,直接经济损失呈增加趋势,而受灾人口和农作物受灾面积呈北增南减的变化趋势。近10年,我国北方大部分地区除了死亡人口外其余各项损失均较上个10年增加,其中黑龙江和河北增加幅度较大。同时,近10年我国北方大部分地区降水量增加,尤其是黑龙江、河北等地暴雨量和暴雨日数增加幅度较大,加剧了相对脆弱的北方地区的洪涝灾害风险。  相似文献   

辽宁暴雨诱发山洪灾害风险区划研究     

耿世波  聂哲  王瀛  方缘  肖光梁  李鸿强  纪永明  朱宪龙  周晓宇 《气象与环境学报》2022,38(4):153-160

基于自然灾害风险评估理论,利用2005—2019年辽宁省1639个自动站逐时降水观测资料、2017年辽宁省30 m分辨率的基础地理信息和山洪沟资料以及风险普查数据,对辽宁暴雨诱发山洪灾害风险区划进行研究,并将风险区划结果与历史山洪灾情进行对比分析。结果表明：通过山洪灾害与降水相关性统计发现,6 h暴雨作为辽宁省山洪致灾因子更为合适,因此构建了6 h综合利用分级暴雨强度及暴雨频次精细评估暴雨致灾危险性;山洪沟沟口高程、沟床比降及河网密度等资料可有效评估山洪孕灾环境敏感性;人口密度、耕地比例两个风险暴露度指标以及灾损敏感系数可大体评估承灾体的易损性;与历史山洪灾害空间和频率分布对比,山洪灾害的高发区与在本次风险区划高风险区基本吻合;精确到每个山洪沟风险区划的结果,提高了山洪灾害的风险区划精度,为辽宁暴雨诱发山洪灾害精准防御提供参考。  相似文献   

古建筑雷电灾害及防雷技术研究综述     

李京校  霍沛东  符琳  俞勇佩  张宇龙  李秀文 《气象与环境学报》2021,37(2):91-100

古建筑是宝贵的历史文化遗产,雷电灾害是威胁古建筑安全的主要因素之一。本文首先较完整地介绍了古建筑雷电灾害的总体研究进展,分别综述了古建筑构件的雷击破坏特征和机理,以及古建筑雷击起火灾害成因、方式和影响因素等方面研究现状,建议在雷击模拟试验基础上利用数值模拟分析方法研究雷击破坏基础性问题。分析了古建筑绝缘避雷与采用防雷装置接闪泄流两种方法,认为后者科学合理。通过归纳古建筑雷电防护技术研究进展、古建筑防雷新技术方法和装置,分析了古建筑防雷技术标准现状。最后,提出古建筑防雷有待深入研究的方向,包括开展古建筑雷击破坏机理、实用的防雷新技术、古建筑雷击选择性、雷击精细化监测预警等,特别是加强古建筑防雷新技术研究,尽量减小对古建筑原貌的影响,做好古建筑的防雷保护是非常关键和必要的。  相似文献   

北京世园会开幕式期间弱降水天气成因     

甘璐  郭金兰  雷蕾  邢楠 《气象与环境学报》2021,37(3):12-18

2019年4月28日傍晚到夜间,北京北部地区出现一次弱降雨天气,对中国北京世界园艺博览会开幕式相关活动的准备工作造成一定的影响。本文分析了此次弱强度、高影响降雨天气的成因,探讨了开幕式重大活动现场气象服务关注的重点。结果表明：世园会开幕式期间受到弱短波槽影响,动力条件较弱,北京处于高压后部和低压辐合区的前部,低层表现为下沉或弱上升运动;各数值模式对此次降雨过程的预报总体均有所反应,但在降雨出现的时间和范围上未表现出明显的优势;利用地面自动站、风廓线和云雷达等多种高分辨率探测资料,结合精细化模式预报产品,有助于预报人员精准研判降水系统短时的变化特征。重大活动气象保障往往关注单点预报,将天气影响的风险预报服务与应对预案相结合,通过采取一定的服务策略,可以有效弥补预报的不足,更好地发挥气象服务效益。  相似文献   

新时期煤炭地质勘查产业链重构展望     

侯慎建  宋中强  张玉峰  龙陆军  陈明 《中国煤炭地质》2021,(1)

随着国家供给侧结构性改革的深化,传统煤炭地质勘查产业存在严重的产能过剩,煤炭地质勘查产业链的重构势在必行。通过对煤炭地质勘查产业发展历程研究和分析,提出了新时期煤炭地质勘查产业链的重构方向,不仅要纵向延伸,形成绿色矿山全生命周期内煤炭地质技术服务的完整产业链,保障国家能源安全和生态文明建设需要,而且还要横向拓展,充分发挥煤炭地质勘查行业的专业优势、技术优势,开拓城市地质、农业地质、灾害地质等新领域新产业,服务“美丽中国”建设,确保煤炭地质勘查行业绿色、协调、持续发展。  相似文献   

基于交通出行链的就医活动识别理论框架与方法体系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王姣娥  杜方叶  靳海涛  刘瑜 《地球信息科学学报》2020,22(4):805-815

交通是人们实现出行目的的重要工具和载体,也是研究城市居民出行目的的重要手段。本文试图采用交通出行数据来识别就医活动目的的行程,以深化交通大数据研究的应用领域。在合并交通出行链的基础上,构建了就医活动识别的理论框架和方法体系,提出6大准则：邻近性准则、出行链闭合准则、单一出行目的准则、时间耦合性准则、路径偶发准则。以北京市为例,基于公交车刷卡和出租车GPS数据,明确就医出行的关键参数与阈值,最终甄别出以就医为目的的交通出行链,并对识别结果进行分析与验证。基于交通出行链的就医活动识别研究可以弥补传统研究中病例数据和问卷数据样本量小和难获取的不足,为就医活动研究提供了新的方法体系,也为基于其他交通出行目的识别研究提供理论和方法借鉴。  相似文献